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Features: Completion of Play

Features: Fifteens Players

Features: Lineouts

Features: Penalties

Features: Rucks and Mauls

Features: Running and Tries

Features: Scrums

Features: Sevens and Tens

Features: Starting the Game

Features: Tactical Kicking

Features: The General Principles

Features: The Playing Field

Welcome to Scrum.com's Rugby Guide - an introduction to the basics and terminology of the game of Rugby Union in all its guises - fifteens, sevens and tens.

Designed for people new to the sport, as well as those who may need a refresher course, it aims to give a clear insight into all aspects of the game.

Rugby Dictionary:

All Blacks - the national team of New Zealand

Backs - the group of players normally numbered 9 through 15 who do not participate in scrums and lineouts, except for the scrum-half.

Barbarians - the name of invitational rugby teams, the most famous based in the UK, drawing the finest players from around the world together to play matches against international teams. Also called the Baa Baas.

Binding - the careful method players grip and grasp each other to form a secure scrum, ruck, or maul. This is a critical skill to ensure the safety of players.

Bledisloe Cup - the annual competition between the national teams of New Zealand and Australia. Now held during the Tri-Nations.

Blindside - from a set piece, ruck or maul, the short side of the field. Also called the weakside.

Breakaway - either of the two forwards wearing No.6 or No.7. Also called wing forwards or breakaways they bind to the scrum outside of the locks just behind the outside hip of the props. They can play always on the same side of the scrum or can specialize on either the weakside or strongside. The players with the fewest set responsibilities, their job is to aggressively pursue the ball, gain possession, and take off running. Also known as Flanker.

Calcutta Cup - the annual match between England and Scotland each year during the Six Nations Championship. The trophy is made from the silver rupees remaining after the Calcutta Rugby Club disbanded in the 1920s.

Cap - anytime a player plays in a match he/she is technically awarded a cap but the term is mostly used to note the number of official games a player has appeared for his/her national team against another national team. A cap is an honour, there is typically no physical item awarded.

Captain - the player selected to guide a team on the pitch during a match.

Centre - either of the backs wearing No.12 (inside) or No.13 (outside). Powerful runners who are the heart of the back running attack and defence. The inside centre can also be called the 2nd 5/8th.

Charge Down - the blocking of a kick by an opposition's player.

Chip Kick - a short shallow kick usually delivered over the head of an onrushing defender to be quickly retrieved or caught by the kicker or one of his/her supporting players

Clearance Kick - a kick of the ball to touch which relieves pressure on a side under heavy attack by the opposition.

Conversion Kick - a kick at the posts after the awarding of a try scoring two points if successful. The kick must be attempted directly from a spot perpendicular to the spot where the try was awarded. Usually taken with a place kick, it can be rushed when the kicker makes a move towards the ball. If taken as a drop kick it is uncontested.

Drop Goal - a kick at the posts taken at anytime a side is close to their own try line. If successful it scores three points but the ball must hit the ground before being kicked.

Eagles - the national team of the United States of America

Ellis, William Webb - the person, as a student at Rugby School, credited with inspiring the modern game of rugby football in 1823. He later became a priest and passed away in Southern France.

Feed - the rolling of the ball into the scrum by the scrum-half.

Fifteens - the name of the most common game of rugby union featuring fifteen players per side. Each team consists of 8 forwards and 7 backs playing two halves each 40 minutes long.

First 5/8th - the back wearing No.10 who normally receives the ball from the scrum-half. Also called the fly-half, out-half, outside half or 1st 5/8th, he/she will call plays for the backline, pass the ball to other backs, or provide most of the tactical kicks.

Fixture - another name for a rugby match.

Flanker - either of the two forwards wearing No.6 or No.7. Also called wing forwards or breakaways they bind to the scrum outside of the locks just behind the outside hip of the props. They can play always on the same side of the scrum or can specialize on either the weakside or strongside. The players with the fewest set responsibilities, their job is to aggressively pursue the ball, gain possession, and take off running. Also known as a Breakaway Forward.

Fly-half - the back wearing No.10 who normally receives the ball from the scrum-half. Also called the out-half, outside half or 1st 5/8th, he/she will call plays for the backline, pass the ball to other backs, or provide most of the tactical kicks. Also known as First 5/8th.

Foot Up - an offence where a hooker brings his foot into the scrum's tunnel before the ball is fed by the scrum-half.

Forward Pass - an illegal pass to a player ahead of the ball causing the ball to be awarded to the other team in a scrum.

Forwards - the group of players normally numbered 1 through 8 who bind together into scrums, line up for lineouts, and commit themselves to most rucks and mauls.

Free Kick - an uncontested kick awarded to a team usually for a minor penalty by the other team. The kick cannot be taken directly at the posts except by a drop goal.

Front Five - a common collective name for the front (props and hooker) and second row (locks) forwards. Also known as Tight Five

Front Row - the common name for the Prop/Hooker/Prop combination at the front of a scrum.

Fullback - the back wearing No.15 who normally plays deep behind the backline. In attack the fullback is a dangerous attacking position hitting holes unexpectedly at pace, in defence the fullback has primary responsibility for covering all tactical kicks down field by the opposition.

Garryowen - a tactical kick which is popped very high and shallow allowing the kicker and supporting players to easily run underneath it for recovery. The kick is intended to put heavy pressure on any opposition player attempting to catch the ball. Also known as an Up and Under.

Grand Slam - a Six Nations championship won without any losses or draws.

Grubber - a kick of the ball which causes the ball to bounce and roll along the ground.

Haka - a cultural ceremony display with a chant performed by many Southern Pacific teams as a challenge before a match.

Half-back - the back wearing No.9 who normally feeds the ball into a scrum and retrieves the ball at the base of scrums, rucks, and mauls. Can also be called the Scrum-half.

High Ball - a ball kicked very high into the air placing any player attempting to catch it under extreme pressure by on rushing opposition players.

Home Nations - England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland

Hooker - the front row forward wearing No.2. The player is supported on either side in the scrum by props and is required to gain possession of the ball in the scrum by hooking or blocking the ball with one of his/her feet. The hooker will normally also be the forward who throws the ball into the lineout.

Injury Time - during a half, the clock is stopped by the referee while any injury is attended to. After the normal half's time has expired (e.g. 40 minutes) the continued play afterwards equal to the amount of injury stoppage is called injury time.

Inside Centre - the back wearing No.12.

International - a name identifying a person capped for their country's national team also another name for a test

IRB - the International Rugby Board. The IRB is the ruling body for Rugby Union worldwide and has primary responsibility for setting and adjusting the laws of the sport and running the Rugby World Cup tournaments for 15s and 7s every four years.

Jumper - a common name for a rugby jersey. Also the name of a player in a lineout, usually at the 2, 4, and 6 positions, jumping to catch or intercept the throw. Knock On - losing, dropping, or knocking the ball forward from a player's hand resulting in the ball being awarded to the other team in a scrum.

Knock Forward - same as Knock On

Lansdowne Road - the home stadium of the Irish national team in Dublin, Ireland.

League - a version of rugby played normally with 13 players under different laws than Rugby Union. The two codes deviated over professionalism and are usually contentious towards each other.

Lifting - the act of lifting the lineout jumper into the air in order to more easily catch or intercept the throw.

Lineout - the set play re-starting play after the ball has been taken out or kicked to touch. Both sets of forwards will line up opposite each other with the side with throw calling a play. The throw must be directly down the middle of the two lines.

Lock - either of the two forwards normally wearing No.4 and No.5. Typically the largest players on the field, they have primary responsibility for being the power in scrums and securing the ball in lineouts. Due to their size, they are also normally powerful forces in all loose play, rucks, and mauls. Also known as Second Row

Loose-head - the No.1 prop in a scrum due to his head being outside the opposition's tight-head prop's shoulders.

Loose Forwards - common names for the flankers and No. 8 in a forward pack.

Mark - a location on the pitch designated by the referee as the location a scrum should come together. Also a word a player will call while catching a kicked ball within his own 22 meter line. If awarded by the referee, that back is awarded a free kick.

Maul - typically after a runner has come into contact and the ball is still being held by a player once any combination of at least three players have bound themselves a maul has been set. The primary difference from a ruck is that the ball is not on the ground.

Melrose Cup - the trophy awarded to the winners of the Rugby World Cup 7s.

Murrayfield - the home stadium of the national team of Scotland in Edinburgh, Scotland.

No.8 - This forward binds into the scrum normally at the very base between the two locks. His/her responsibility is to initiate attacks by the forwards from scrums or to provide a stable ball from the scrum for the scrum-half.

Offsides - during rucks, scrums, lineouts, and mauls an imaginary line is present over which any player crossing before the set piece is completed commits a penalty.

Out-half/Outside half - the back wearing No.10 who normally receives the ball from the scrum-half. Also called the fly-half, out-half, outside half or 1st 5/8th, he/she will call plays for the backline, pass the ball to other backs, or provide most of the tactical kicks.

Outside Centre - the back wearing No.13.

Pack - another name for all the forwards usually when they are bound for a scrum.

Penalty - any number of infractions or violations which award the other team a kick.

Penalty Kick - an uncontested kick awarded to a team for a major infraction by the other team. The kick can be taken directly at goal and scores 3 points if successful. If the ball is kicked to touch, then the ball is awarded back to the team which kicked the ball out of bounds.

Penalty Try - the awarding of a try due to a flagrant violation by an opposing side that prevents an obvious try from being scored.

Pill - a nickname for a rugby ball - widely used in the southern hemisphere.

Pitch - the field upon which a rugby match is played.

Place Kick - a kick of the ball resting on the ground, placed in an indention in the ground, from a small pile of sand, or from a kicking tee. Place kicks are used to start each half, for penalty kicks at goal, or for conversion kicks after a try has been awarded.

Prop - either of the two forwards normally wearing No.1 (loose-head) or No. 3 (tight-head). Responsibilities are to support the hooker during scrums and second rows during lineouts.

Pumas - the national team of Argentina

Pushover Try - a try scored by the forward pack as a unit in a scrum by pushing the opposition's scrum pack backwards across the tryline while dragging the ball underneath them. Typically scored from a 5m scrum, the try is usually awarded when the No.8 or scrum-half touch the ball down after it crosses the try line.

Ranfurly Shield - a challenge trophy between the provincial sides of New Zealand.

Referee - the sole judge and timekeeper of the game.

Re-start - the kick re-starting play after a half or after points are scored.

Ruck - typically after a runner has come into contact and the ball has been delivered to the ground once any combination of at least three players have bound themselves a ruck has been set. The primary difference from a maul is that the ball is on the ground.

Rugby - a football game in which the ball is kicked or carried forward down a field to score points either by touching the ball down beyond a tryline or kicking the ball through posts. The primary rule governing the game is that no pass to a player forward of the ball is allowed. Two codes of rugby are played, Rugby Union and Rugby League. Union is normally played with fifteen players, but versions of the game featuring only seven or ten players is also popular. Football is quite ancient and has existed in most every cultural group through time. The current form of Rugby Football was first developed at Rugby School in England and thus the school provided the name for the sport.

RWC - short for Rugby World Cup. Tournaments played every four years.

Rugger - colloquial name for the game.

Scrum - the formation used in the set play re-starting play after a knock-on or forward pass. The forwards from each side bind together and then the two packs come together to allow the scrumhalf with the feed to deliver the ball to the scrum. A scrum can also be awarded or chosen in different circumstances by the referee.

Scrum down - the coming together of the scrum.

Scrum-half - the back wearing No.9 who normally feeds the ball into a scrum and retrieves the ball at the base of scrums, rucks, and mauls. Can also be called the half-back.

Scrummaging - the process of setting and completing a scrum

Second 5/8th - either of the backs wearing No.12 (inside) or No.13 (outside). Powerful runners they are the heart of the back running attack and defence.

Second row - either of the two forwards normally wearing No.4 and No.5. Typically the largest players on the field, they have primary responsibility for being the power in scrums and securing the ball in lineouts. Due to their size, they are also normally powerful forces in all loose play, rucks, and mauls. Also known as Lock.

Selection - the process of picking a squad for a match by a club or team. Also an identifier of a player selected to play a match.

Selector - a person involved in the selection process.

Send off - after flagrant, numerous or a malicious foul, the referee can elect to expel a player from the match. The player cannot be replaced causing the side to play one person short. Normally the sent off player is banned for at least one match after the sending off and depending on the severity of the offence can be banned for more than one match to life.

Sevens - a form of rugby union invented in Scotland and played with only seven total players, usually three forwards and four backs. Each half typically last only 7 minutes but can be longer. Games are almost always played during tournaments.

Six Nations - the annual tournament from January through March between the national men's teams of England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, France and Italy

Springboks - the national team of South Africa

Super 14 - the annual tournament between the best provincial teams of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.

Take - a well executed catch of a kicked ball.

Tens - a form of rugby union played with only ten total players. Each half typically last only 10 minutes but can be longer. Games are almost always played during tournaments.

Test - the name typically used for matches between two national teams. The match can also be called an international.

Tight Five - a common name for all of the front (props and hooker) and second row (locks) forwards. Also known as Front Five

Tight-head - the No. 3 prop in a scrum due to his head being between the opposition's hooker and loose-head prop's shoulders. A scrum can also win a tight-head by taking possession of the ball in a scrum fed by the other pack.

Touch, touchline - the out of bounds line that runs on either side of the pitch. The non-contact version of rugby is also commonly called touch.

Touch judge - an official posted on each side of the pitch to mark the spot where balls go out of touch and to judge kicks at goal. The touch judge is also instrumental in pointing out any serious violence infractions not seen by the referee.

Tour - a trip by a club or team typically to a foreign country playing a number of different matches.

Tri-Nations - the annual competition between the national men's teams of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.

Try - a score of 5 points awarded when the ball is carried or kicked across the tryline and touched down to the ground by a player.

Tryline - the goal line extending across the pitch.

Tunnel - the gap between the front rows in a scrum or the gap between the two lines of forwards in a lineout.

Turnover- when one side takes possession of the ball from their opponents.

22 Metre Drop-out - the kick which restarts play after a missed penalty or drop goal passing the end goal line or touched down by a defending player. The ball is kicked back to the original attacking side.

Twickenham - the home stadium of the national team of England in Twickenham, England.

Union - another name for the most popular form of rugby featuring 15, 10, or 7 players per side. The local, provincial, or national organizing body for rugby competition is also often called a union.

Up and under - a tactical kick which is popped very high and shallow allowing the kicker and supporting players to easily run underneath it for recovery. The kick is intended to put heavy pressure on any opposition player attempting to catch the ball. Also called a Garryowen due to the Irish club which originated the play.

Wallabies - the national team of Australia.

Weakside - from a set piece, ruck or maul, the short side of the field. Also called the Blindside.

Webb Ellis Trophy - the trophy awarded to the winners of the Rugby World Cup.

Wing/Winger - either of the two backs wearing No.11 or No.14. Each will normally stay on the same side of the back line they are on throughout the match and are typically expected to be the fastest sprinters in the side. Wingers also have key duties during defence helping the fullback cover kicks and counterattacking.

Wing forward - either of the two forwards wearing No. 6 or No. 7. Also called wing forwards or breakaways they bind to the scrum outside of the locks just behind the outside hip of the props. They can play always on the same side of the scrum or can specialize on either the weakside or strongside. The players with the fewest set responsibilities, their job is to aggressively pursue the ball, gain possession, and take off running. Also known as Flanker.

XV - a common identifier for the first fifteen selected players of a club or team. A team can also use XV in their name, pronounced as fifteen.